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Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

White matter disease is damage or loss of tissue that covers nerve axons in the largest and deepest part of your brain. This covering is made of fatty material called myelin that protects the nerve fibers and gives white matter its color. Myelin is also responsible for enabling rapid nerve signal transmission. When the white matter of the brain is lost, it does not recover.White matter brain tissue helps you think fast, walk straight, and keeps you from falling. When it becomes diseased, the myelin breaks down and the nerve signals no longer get through efficiently or sometimes at all.

Wandering spleen is, as its name describes, a condition in which the spleen is not located in its usual position. It most commonly migrates to the lower abdomen or pelvis. It is more common in women who have had multiple pregnancies, as the suspensory ligaments of the spleen may be damaged with the growing fetus, allowing it to move.

A uterine prolapse is a condition where uterus is slipping down to vaginal passage. This happens when the ligaments of the uterus are stretched due to weakness in the pelvic floor.The staging of prolapse is classified by the position of the cervix and uterus:- Grade 0: cervix at normal position- Grade I: cervix halfway to the introitus/hymen- Grade II: cervix at the introitus/hymen- Grade III: cervix extends outside of the vaginal introitus with straining- Grade IV: cervix extends outside of the vaginal introitus all the time. This is also known as procidentia.

Variant anatomy of hepatic vessels involves the hepatic vessels. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the hepatic vessels helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Uterine position is an anatomical variation. These differences are usually harmless and represent normal diversity in human anatomy. They may be identified on imaging to ensure they are not mistaken for disease.

Uterine cancers is a type of cancer. These tumors may grow locally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. They are often detected when imaging shows abnormal tissue growth or mass lesions. Diagnosis is usually confirmed with additional testing such as biopsy or laboratory studies.

Uterine fibroids are also known as uterine leiomyomas. They are benign smooth muscle(myometrial origin) tumours of the uterus. They are the most common solid benign uterine neoplasm. Rarely do fibroids turn into a malignant tumour.Fibroids are commonly found incidentally on examinations for other reasons, occur during childbearing years. The size of fibroids can range from millimeters to large bulky masses. In some cases, they can grow large enough to extend up into the upper abdominal cavity.There are different types of fibroids depending on whether the location is in or on the uterus. The different types are:- Intramural: most common type. They are located within the muscular wall of the uterus- Subserosal: these are formed outside the uterus- Pedunculated: a subserosal fibroid that has a stem that supports the fibroid- Submucosal: least common. These develop in the middle muscle layer (myometrium)

Adenomyosis is a condition where endometrial tissue(the inner layer of the uterus) is present in the myometrium (the thick, muscular layer of the uterus). The junctional zone (transition between endometrium and myometrium) thickens abnormally, however with menstruation, this tissue cannot normally be sloughed and it causes pain. It is a condition similar to endometriosis (where endometrial tissue is present outside of the uterus). Often, both adenomyosis and endometriosis are found together, and it is associated with increased estrogen levels. Typically adenomyosis resolves after menopause.

Urinary tract metastases describes cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Metastases often appear as multiple abnormal lesions on imaging. They can interfere with normal organ function and are generally a sign of advanced disease.

A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality found in the ureter. It is when the distal(lower) ureter is enlarged where it enters into the bladder forming a sac-like pouch. It is commonly associated with a duplex collecting system. This is when two ureters exit one kidney. However, it can occur with a normal collecting system.As prenatal ultrasound has become a regular exam most ureteroceles are diagnosed prenatally.There are six classifications of ureteroceles:- Intravesical: confined within the bladder- Ectopic: some part extends to the bladder neck or urethra- Stenotic: intravesical ureterocele with a narrow opening- Sphincteric: ectopic ureterocele with an orifice distal to the bladder neck- Sphincterostenotic: orifice is both stenotic and distal to te bladder neck- Cecoureterocele: ectopic ureterocele that extends into the urethra, but the orifice is in the bladder.

Ulcerative colitis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

Urachal remnant anomalies are a range of anomalies that occur when the fetal urachus does not disappear after birth. The urachus is a hollow structure that connects the top of the bladder to the umbilicus (belly button) during fetal development. By the time birth occurs it changes from the urachus to the median umbilical ligament and should close off, sometimes leaving a remnant or it just completeley disappears.If the urachal remnant doesn’t completely close then the urachus can be left open giving a urachal anomaly.There are four types of anomalies: patent urachus (fistula), urachal cyst, umbilical-urachal sinus, and vesicourachal diverticulum. The most common, patent urachus, is when the path between the bladder and umbilicus has not completely closed. The second most common, urachal cyst, is a dilatation of the mid urachus filled with fluid. Third most common, umbilical-urachal sinus, is a dilatation/outpouching at the umbilical end of the urachus. Finally, the least common, vesicourachal diverticulum, is a dilatation/pouch at the bladder end of the urachus.There is an increased risk of developing an adenocarcinoma from a urachal remnant.

Tumor of the shoulder involves the the shoulder. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the shoulder helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Tumor of the pelvis and hips involves the the pelvis and hips. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the pelvis and hips helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Tumor of the lungs and mediastinum involves the the lungs and mediastinum. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the lungs and mediastinum helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Tumor of the knee involves the the knee. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the knee helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Tumor of the bony skeleton and/or soft tissue involves the the bony skeleton and/or soft tissue. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the bony skeleton and/or soft tissue helps detect and differentiate this condition.

A tumefactive demyelinating lesion is a solitary large (usually over 2cm) inflammatory demyelinating lesion which can give the appearance of a tumor without tissue swelling around the lesion (unlike a tumor).Prognosis is generally more positive with a tumefactive demyelinating lesion compared with other forms of demyelination such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and it is unusual for someone who presents with a solitary tumefactive lesion to develop multiple sclerosis.

Transverse myelitis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

Transitional vertebrae and accessory vertebrae are defined as variant anatomy. While they may remain entirely asymptomatic, it is possible that they could cause pain by lack of mobility, soft tissue irritation, or nerve compression anytime now or in the future. Understanding your medical history and preventing irritation to these potentially susceptible areas is invaluable. The understanding of the variant anatomy is also important when symptoms occur and essential if surgery is planned.

Total size of prostate involves the prostate. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the prostate helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney involves the the kidney. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the kidney helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Total size of bladder involves the bladder. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the bladder helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Thyroid cyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Thyroid appearance is an anatomical variation. These differences are usually harmless and represent normal diversity in human anatomy. They may be identified on imaging to ensure they are not mistaken for disease.

A localized enlargement of the upper portion of the aorta within the chest, often involving the ascending, arch, or descending segments. It results from weakening of the arterial wall and may progress silently until it reaches a critical size.

Tethered cord syndrome occurs when the lower part of the spinal cord is anchored (usually to the sacococcygeal region), causing it to overstretch the spinal cord and nerve roots.Tethered cord can be primary, where it is an isolated congenital abnormality, or secondary, where it can occur with other abnormalities such as a tumor or after an injury.

Tarlov / perineural cyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

A syrinx is defined by the dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord, or a cystic dissection of the central canal which forms a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These two entities are not easily differentiated on imaging, and clinically there is no difference between the two types, nor a difference in the severity of symptoms between them.

Spondylolisthesis is the term which is used to describe the slippage of one vertebra in relation to the adjacent vertebrae.Spondylolisthesis occurs most commonly in the lumbar spine, but can occur anywhere in the spine.

Spondyloarthropathy of the thoracic spine involves the the thoracic spine. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the thoracic spine helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Spondyloarthropathy of the lumbar spine involves the the lumbar spine. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the lumbar spine helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Prostatitis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

Spondyloarthropathy of the cervical spine involves the the cervical spine. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the cervical spine helps detect and differentiate this condition.

A split cord malformation, or “diastematomyelia” is a congenital (from birth) disorder in which, as the name states, part of the spinal cord is split. This usually occurs at the upper lumbar spine level.The spinal cord can reunite again further down the spine, though this is not always the case. The division of the spinal cord can be caused by the presence of bone, cartilage or a fibrous septum.Cord malformation may be isolated, though it is more commonly found in people who have spina bifida, scoliosis or other congenital vertebral defects.

Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. Massive splenomegaly is used to describe a spleen which weighs more than one kilogram. The spleen being a curved organ is somewhat tricky to measure in XYZ (cartesian) planes, thus imaging features of enlargement are employed by the radiologist.Splenomegaly is usually associated with increased workload on the spleen, which suggests that it is a response to something that is causing the spleen to work harder than normal. Other conditions increasing the risk of splenomegaly include blood disorders, infection, metabolic disorders, cancers, trauma and connective tissue disorders. The range of conditions that could cause this is broad and so a finding often requires follow-up and additional testing.

Splenic cyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Splenic artery aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning of a blood vessel. Aneurysms form when the vessel wall weakens and may enlarge over time. They are sometimes found incidentally on imaging, but larger aneurysms may cause symptoms or complications.

Spleen appearance is an anatomical variation. These differences are usually harmless and represent normal diversity in human anatomy. They may be identified on imaging to ensure they are not mistaken for disease.

Spinal stenosis is a condition in which the spinal canal (which contains the spinal cord, spinal nerves and cerebrospinal fluid) narrows to put pressure on the spinal cord nerves.

Spinal fracture is an injury, such as a break or crack in bone or tissue. Fractures and injuries typically occur after trauma or repeated stress. They are often well seen on imaging, which helps confirm the diagnosis.

Spinal cord metastases describes cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Metastases often appear as multiple abnormal lesions on imaging. They can interfere with normal organ function and are generally a sign of advanced disease.

A spinal cord infarct is due to a stroke which affects the spinal cord. It is quite uncommon. A spinal cord infarct usually causes severe neurological symptoms. The prognosis is generally very poor.

A solid thyroid mass has the potential risk of becoming a cancer. These types of lesions have been previously evaluated and thus this study serves as a follow-up to compare stability over time.

Soft tissue edema is the accumulation of fluid within the supporting tissues around the bones of the spine. The most common cause of soft tissue edema is traumatic or overuse injury. Within the spine it can occur between the bones of the spinous processes of the vertebrae (interspinous), it can occur within a muscle, or a set of muscles adjacent to the vertebrae (paraspinal), or it can occur within the subcutaneous layers of the lower back.

A soft tissue abnormality is an issue which involves any of the connective tissue of the body, or tissue surrounding the organs. Please note that skin lesions are best assessed by direct visualization, and MRI is only useful for nonvascular abnormalities below the skin surface.

Sinusitis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

Polyps are benign growths which can occur in the nasal passages or sinuses. They most commonly occur due to chronic inflammation due to asthma, infection and allergies. They may be entirely asymptomatic, or may cause symptoms. They occur in the mucous membrane of the nasal passages and sinuses.Imaging is not the best way to assess the nasal mucosal tissue for polyps, the best way is direct visualization of the nasal passages.

Simple cyst of the liver is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the the liver. Most are benign and discovered incidentally during imaging of the the liver. Larger cysts in this region can occasionally press on surrounding tissues and cause discomfort.

Simple cyst of kidney is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the kidney. Most are benign and discovered incidentally during imaging of the kidney. Larger cysts in this region can occasionally press on surrounding tissues and cause discomfort.

Shrunken liver is the reduction in size of the liver with the liver tissue being fibrotic and scarred (cirrhosis). This is an indicator that the liver has lost its ability to regenerate. This is usually due to chronic liver disease which leaads to cirrhosis.The normal liver size is 10-12cm x 20-23cm.

Shoulder metastases describes cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Metastases often appear as multiple abnormal lesions on imaging. They can interfere with normal organ function and are generally a sign of advanced disease.

A bony hemangioma can often be referred to as a few other names, primary intraosseous hemangioma or vascular hamartoma. A hemangioma is a benign vascular malformation that occurs when blood vessels multiply at an abnormal rate. They most commonly occur in the skull and the spine but they can form in any body part. Capillary and cavernous hemangiomas are the most common type of hemangioma to affect bones. They can occur on the surface of the bone or deeper. Often hemangiomas are asymptomatic and are found incidentally on an X-ray or MRI.

Impingement is when soft tissues of muscles or tendons around a joint are squeezed between two or more hard/bony structures with activity/movement of that joint. It is a finding which most commonly affects the shoulder and hip due to the large range of motion of these ball joints. Impingement can be suspected by MRI when the soft tissues are squeezed which results in inflammation of the tendon (called tendinosis or tendiopathy). However impingement is best detected by a physical exam where the limb is moved either actively or passively. For example shoulder impingement can be identified by having difficulty raising an arm over the head.

Septation of the bladder is when the bladder has a fibrous tissue band which separates the bladder either partially or completely into multiple compartments.There are two categories of bladder septation: congenital and pathological. Congenital septation is a rare occurrence that occurs during fetal development. Pathological septation can occur due to scarring from surgeries, chronic infections or other conditions. To separate these different causes, your medical history is important.

Serous cystadenoma is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Scoliosis is a condition where a person has a sideways or rotational curve of the spine. There is usually one dominant curve and a more subtle compensatory curve.

A Schmorl’s node occurs when intervertebral disc material pushes into the adjacent vertebral bone. These are often discovered incidentally on imaging and may or may not cause symptoms. When symptomatic, they may be associated with back pain or stiffness. Schmorl’s nodes are common findings and are usually related to spinal degeneration or prior trauma.

Pulmonary scarring involves the lung. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the lung helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Sarcoidosis is an autoimmune disorder which involves a collection of inflammatory cells that form lumps, which are known as granulomas. Sarcoidosis can affect the lungs, skin, lymph nodes, liver, heart, brain and eyes. The most common site of presentation of sarcoid is within the lungs.

Sacroiliitis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

Sacroiliac joint bone marrow edema is swelling within the bone marrow adjacent to the sacroiliac joint. It often indicates inflammation, arthritis, infection, or mechanical stress. Symptoms may include lower back or buttock pain, often worsening with activity. On imaging, edema appears as bright signals in the bone marrow, helping clinicians diagnose sacroiliitis or other inflammatory joint disorders.

A Riedel lobe is a common, normal anatomical variant of the liver. It is a downward projection of the right lobe of the liver toward the pelvis. The Riedel lobe contains normal liver tissue.

Renal papillary adenoma is a benign kidney tumor. They are tumors made of epithelial tissue and typically measure less than 5mm. When they increase beyond 15mm in size they become a concern for being renal cell carcinoma.

A renal leiomyoma is a benign tumour of the kidney. It is made of smooth muscle tissue. They can occur both in the renal cortex (outer part) and medulla (inner part) of the kidney. They usually have a distinct capsule and rarely have cystic or calcified portions. They can grow in size anywhere from 0.5cm up to 57cm.Most people experience no symptoms of a renal leiomyoma and it is discovered incidentally during examinations for another reason.

Renal oncocytoma is a benign kidney mass. They are made up of oncocytes, a type of epithelial cell. As with a lot of renal masses they are typically asymptomatic and discovered on an examination for another reason.Renal oncocytomas typically affect males of over the age of 50. They can be a solitary mass or occur in multiples affecting one or both kidneys. People with genetic syndromes such as tuberous sclerosis complex and Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome can be more affected by renal oncocytomas.

Renal lipomas are benign tumours found in the kidney composed of fat cells or mature adipocytes. Lipomas commonly can occur all over the body. When they affect the kidney, they typically occur in the cortex (outer edge) of the kidney.

Renal cell carcinoma is a type of cancer. These tumors may grow locally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. They are often detected when imaging shows abnormal tissue growth or mass lesions. Diagnosis is usually confirmed with additional testing such as biopsy or laboratory studies.

Renal angiomyolipomas (AML) are the most common benign tumor found in the kidney. They are composed of vascular cells, immature smooth muscle cells and fat cells. While they are classed as benign they can still affect the function of the kidney depending on their size and location. In most cases AML occur as a single mass, but rarely it can affect both kidneys and it is possible to have more than one at a time.Angiomyolipoma is commonly associated with other diseases such as tuberous sclerosis (genetic disease) and lymphangioleiomyomatosis(a rare lung disease).

Rectocele is also known as prolapsed rectum. This is the result of the muscles and connective tissue between the rectum and vaginal wall becoming weak and stretched. The rectum then bulges into the back of the vagina.

Recent fracture of the sacroiliac joint involves the the sacroiliac joint. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the sacroiliac joint helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Reactive or inflammatory lymph nodes of the neck involves the the neck. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the neck helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Proteinaceous cyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

The visiblity of the prostate in medical imaging is important for detecting any tumours that may be present and assessing the overall health of the organ. The EverVita MRI provides comprehensive visibility of the prostate allowing an in-depth health assessment.

Prostate cyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Prostate cancer is a type of cancer. These tumors may grow locally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. They are often detected when imaging shows abnormal tissue growth or mass lesions. Diagnosis is usually confirmed with additional testing such as biopsy or laboratory studies.

An abscess of the prostate is a collection of pus within the prostate gland that occurs as a result of prostatitis. An abscess is seen as a fluid filled collection within the prostate.

Polysplenia is characterised by the formation of multiple accessory spleens without a full sized parent spleen. Polysplenia sometimes occurs in isolation, though it is often accompanied by other congenital abnormalities which affect cardiac formation.

Polycystic ovary is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Prior fracture of the sacroiliac joint involves the the sacroiliac joint. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the sacroiliac joint helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Polycystic liver disease is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Polyposis of the nasal airways and/or sinuses involves the the nasal airways and/or sinuses. It can present with different appearances depending on cause and severity. Imaging of the the nasal airways and/or sinuses helps detect and differentiate this condition.

Polycystic kidney disease is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Pleural effusion means abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity between the chest wall and lungs. Excess fluid presses the lung and can make breathing harder. The causes of a pleural effusion are varied. It can for example be caused by the heart’s decreased ability to pump blood, a lung infection, liver or kidney disease, or even some medications. The reason for a pleural effusion is not necessarily obvious from your scan.

Pineal Cyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

A pituitary mass (sometims called pituitary tumor) is an abnormal growth which arises from the pituitary gland, which is located at the center of the skull near the middle of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing many important hormones which are responsible for growth, blood pressure/fluid regulation and reproduction.The majority of pituitary masses are benign and are called pituitary adenomas. The important characteristic is to determine if the pituitary mass is over or underproducing hormones, and this is assessed by blood testing. A pituitary mass that is overproducing hormones is called a 'functioning pituitary adenoma'.Rarely are pituitary masses caused by metastatic disease, or other malignant cancers.

A Phrygian cap is the folding of the fundus of the gallbladder back onto the gallbladder body. This is the most common normal anatomical variant of the gallbladder. It is benign and does not cause symptoms.

A perivascular space, is a benign fluid filled space in the brain. They are simply a folding of the layering structures that surround a small blood vessel in the brain. These perivascular spaces are usually very small (smaller than 5mm). They are more commonly seen in elderly patients due to their enlargement with age and hypertension.

Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a tumor of the adrenal glands or sympathetic nervous system. Most cases arises from the inner part (also known as the medulla) of the adrenal gland and can have an effect on the epinephrine/adrenalin hormone secretion of the gland. It is often benign with a low risk of metastatic spread. However, due to the impact of the adrenalin hormone secretion on the cardiovascular system of the body, it can result in a life threatening condition if not treated properly.

Pericardial fat refers to a thicker than usual layer of fat surrounding the outside of the heart. It is usually present adjacent to the bottom of the heart (resting on the diaphragm) and is commonly seen in overweight individuals who have or are developing metabolic syndrome (diabetes).*EverVita scans are not designed to evaluate the heart, however some cardiovascular condition can be detected.

The pericardium is the collective name for the layers of tissue surrounding the heart. A pericardial effusion refers to an abnormal amount of fluid between the heart muscle and the pericardium. This increase in fluid leads to an increase in the pressure on the beating heart.*EverVita scans are not designed to evaluate the heart, however some cardiovascular condition can be detected.

Pelvis and hips metastases describes cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Metastases often appear as multiple abnormal lesions on imaging. They can interfere with normal organ function and are generally a sign of advanced disease.

Pansinusitis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

Ovary appearance is an anatomical variation. These differences are usually harmless and represent normal diversity in human anatomy. They may be identified on imaging to ensure they are not mistaken for disease.

Pancreatitis refers to inflammation. This may result from infection, autoimmune disease, or irritation. It often causes pain, swelling, or functional changes and may be visible on imaging.

Pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer affecting women.There are numerous types of tumours that can affect the ovaries.The cancer can start in the ovary’s germ cells, stromal cells or epithelial cells. Germ cells are the cells inside the ovary that develop into eggs, stromal cells make up the inner part of the ovary and the epithelial cells are the outer layer. Epithelial cell carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer. It accounts for approximately 85-89% of ovarian cancers.

An ovarian teratoma is a benign congenital germ cell tumour. Teratomas contain elements from all three embryological layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. They contain different tissue types, including, fat, cystic fluid, skin, soft tissues, hair and sometimes calcification including teeth.

Ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac. Most cysts are benign and found incidentally during imaging. They may be simple or complex depending on their structure. While many cause no symptoms, larger cysts can sometimes press on nearby tissues and lead to discomfort.